March 1, 2021: Difference between revisions
From Gerald R. Lucas
(Additions.) |
(Additions.) |
||
| Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
| | | | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
I might have made it safely home, that time, | I{{refn|Still early in his narrative, Odysseus still has not reconciled his own well being with that of his crew. This is a constant struggle for him throughout the next four books.}} might have made it safely home, that time, | ||
but as I came round {{H:title|At the southernmost tip of Greece.|Malea}} the current | but as I came round {{H:title|At the southernmost tip of Greece.|Malea}} the current | ||
took me out to sea, and from the north | took me out to sea, and from the north | ||
a fresh gale drove me on, past {{H:title|An island further south of Malea.|Kythera}}.{{refn|To prolong the narrative and also give tantalizing glimpses of Odysseus’ goal, Homer shows Ithaca within reach, but something thwarts his attempt. Here it seems to be random—''a current''—but elsewhere it could be a malevolent force,like Poseidon ({{harvnb|Hexter|1993|p=126}}).}} | a fresh gale drove me on, past {{H:title|An island further south of Malea.|Kythera}}.{{refn|To prolong the narrative and also give tantalizing glimpses of Odysseus’ goal, Homer shows Ithaca within reach, but something thwarts his attempt. Here it seems to be random—''a current''—but elsewhere it could be a malevolent force, like Poseidon ({{harvnb|Hexter|1993|p=126}}).}} | ||
Nine days I drifted on the teeming sea {{ln|5 (90)}} | Nine days I drifted on the teeming sea {{ln|5 (90)}} | ||
before dangerous high winds. Upon the tenth | before dangerous high winds.{{refn|Odysseus has left the reality of the Mediterranean and has entered a magical realm of folklore ({{harvnb|Heubeck|Hoekstra|1990|pp=17–18}}).}} Upon the tenth | ||
we came to the coastline of the Lotos Eaters, | we came to the coastline of the Lotos Eaters, | ||
who live upon that flower. We landed there | who live upon that flower.{{refn|The exact nature of the ''Lotos'' remains unknown, though it seems to be the poppy from which opium is derived. Opium, however, is smoked after the seeds are refined, and Odysseus states below that ''those who ate this honeyed plant'' feel its effects. Likely, this is a magical plant with no actual analog. It’s symbolic importance is significant as it represents “the insecurity of human existence poised precariously between the spheres of empirical reality and mythical unreality” ({{harvnb|Heubeck|Hoekstra|1990|p=18}}). Like [[w:Persephone|Persephone]] who ate the pomegranate, the Lotos is a mythological food that transports those who eat it into a mystical realm or into the kingdom of the dead.}} We landed there | ||
to take on water. All ships’ companies | to take on water. All ships’ companies | ||
mustered alongside for the mid-day meal. {{ln|10 (95)}} | mustered alongside for the mid-day meal. {{ln|10 (95)}} | ||
Then I sent out two picked men and a runner | Then I sent out two picked men and a runner | ||
to learn what race of men that land sustained. | to learn what race of men that land sustained. | ||
They fell in, soon enough, with Lotos Eaters, | They fell in, soon enough, with Lotos Eaters,{{refn|While not always acting imprudently, Odysseus’ crew are characterized at the beginning of the epic as “children and fools,” which I take to mean they are simple folks in need of much guidance to make the right decisions because of their parochialism or lack of judgment. Odysseus struggles as a leader battling external forces and often internal ones as well—the suitors also make questionable decision. Here, acting as characterized, his men likely unthinkingly accepted the ''Lotos'' and got high.<br />{{Sp}}That said, they might not be at total fault, as ''[[Xenia]]'' would make them less suspicious of hosts and accept what they had to offer not considering the mystical properties of the plant ({{harvnb|Heubeck|Hoekstra|1990|p=18}}). However, I wouldn’t let them off the that easily, as they likely missed observing the apparent effects of the drug on the locals, just as they will miss the clue of Circe’s power in her tamed menagerie in the next book.}} | ||
who showed no will to do us harm, only | who showed no will to do us harm, only | ||
offering the sweet Lotos to our friends— {{ln|15 (100)}} | offering the sweet Lotos to our friends— {{ln|15 (100)}} | ||
| Line 25: | Line 25: | ||
never cared to report, nor to return: | never cared to report, nor to return: | ||
they longed to stay forever, browsing on | they longed to stay forever, browsing on | ||
that native bloom, forgetful of their homeland. | that native bloom, forgetful of their homeland.{{refn|Established by Odysseus here explicitly, anything that makes one ''lose hope of home'' is the antagonist in the ''Odyssey''. The ''lotos'' becomes a strong symbol of temptation in the epic, one that echoes through Odysseus’ narrative in books 9–12 especially.}} | ||
I drove them, all three wailing, to the ships, {{ln|20 (105)}} | I drove them, all three wailing,{{refn|It would be interesting to have Homer mention these men again. Since they have tasted the Lotos, they are likely lost to reality, or addicted, and will never be the same. It may be moot, however, as all of Odysseus’ men will soon be dead. }} to the ships, {{ln|20 (105)}} | ||
tied them down under their rowing benches, | tied them down under their rowing benches, | ||
and called the rest: “All hands aboard; | and called the rest: “All hands aboard; | ||
come, clear the beach and no one taste | come, clear the beach and no one taste | ||
the Lotos, or you lose your hope of home.”{{refn| | the Lotos, or you lose your hope of home.”{{refn|Odysseus’ encounter with the Lotos-Eaters marks a turning point, where he enters another world of folklore and legend, but instead of being trapped there, Odysseus is able to reverse his course and return home eventually ({{harvnb|Heubeck|Hoekstra|1990|p=18}}). Books nine through twelve have him wandering in this land.}} | ||
Filing in to their places by the rowlocks {{ln|25 (110)}} | Filing in to their places by the rowlocks {{ln|25 (110)}} | ||
my oarsmen dipped their long oars in the surf, | my oarsmen dipped their long oars in the surf, | ||
| Line 42: | Line 42: | ||
====Works Cited==== | ====Works Cited==== | ||
{{Refbegin}} | {{Refbegin}} | ||
* {{cite book |last1=Heubeck |first1=Alfred |last2=Hoekstra |first2=Arie |date={{date|1990}} |title=A Commentary on Homer’s ''Odyssey'' |volume=II, Books IX–XVI |url= |location=Oxford |publisher=Claredon Press |ref=harv }} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Hexter |first=Ralph |date=1993 |title=A Guide to the ''Odyssey'' |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetoodysseyco00hext |location=New York |publisher=Vintage |isbn= |author-link= |ref=harv }} | * {{cite book |last=Hexter |first=Ralph |date=1993 |title=A Guide to the ''Odyssey'' |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetoodysseyco00hext |location=New York |publisher=Vintage |isbn= |author-link= |ref=harv }} | ||
* {{cite book |author=Homer |date={{date|1990}} |title=The Odyssey |url=https://archive.org/details/odysseyhomerich |translator-last=Fitzgerald |translator-first=Robert |location=New York |publisher=Vintage |ref=harv }} | * {{cite book |author=Homer |date={{date|1990}} |title=The Odyssey |url=https://archive.org/details/odysseyhomerich |translator-last=Fitzgerald |translator-first=Robert |location=New York |publisher=Vintage |ref=harv }} | ||
Revision as of 07:43, 21 September 2021
|
I[2] might have made it safely home, that time, |
Notes & Comentary
- ↑ From Homer (1990, Book X).
- ↑ Still early in his narrative, Odysseus still has not reconciled his own well being with that of his crew. This is a constant struggle for him throughout the next four books.
- ↑ To prolong the narrative and also give tantalizing glimpses of Odysseus’ goal, Homer shows Ithaca within reach, but something thwarts his attempt. Here it seems to be random—a current—but elsewhere it could be a malevolent force, like Poseidon (Hexter 1993, p. 126).
- ↑ Odysseus has left the reality of the Mediterranean and has entered a magical realm of folklore (Heubeck & Hoekstra 1990, pp. 17–18).
- ↑ The exact nature of the Lotos remains unknown, though it seems to be the poppy from which opium is derived. Opium, however, is smoked after the seeds are refined, and Odysseus states below that those who ate this honeyed plant feel its effects. Likely, this is a magical plant with no actual analog. It’s symbolic importance is significant as it represents “the insecurity of human existence poised precariously between the spheres of empirical reality and mythical unreality” (Heubeck & Hoekstra 1990, p. 18). Like Persephone who ate the pomegranate, the Lotos is a mythological food that transports those who eat it into a mystical realm or into the kingdom of the dead.
- ↑ While not always acting imprudently, Odysseus’ crew are characterized at the beginning of the epic as “children and fools,” which I take to mean they are simple folks in need of much guidance to make the right decisions because of their parochialism or lack of judgment. Odysseus struggles as a leader battling external forces and often internal ones as well—the suitors also make questionable decision. Here, acting as characterized, his men likely unthinkingly accepted the Lotos and got high.
That said, they might not be at total fault, as Xenia would make them less suspicious of hosts and accept what they had to offer not considering the mystical properties of the plant (Heubeck & Hoekstra 1990, p. 18). However, I wouldn’t let them off the that easily, as they likely missed observing the apparent effects of the drug on the locals, just as they will miss the clue of Circe’s power in her tamed menagerie in the next book. - ↑ Established by Odysseus here explicitly, anything that makes one lose hope of home is the antagonist in the Odyssey. The lotos becomes a strong symbol of temptation in the epic, one that echoes through Odysseus’ narrative in books 9–12 especially.
- ↑ It would be interesting to have Homer mention these men again. Since they have tasted the Lotos, they are likely lost to reality, or addicted, and will never be the same. It may be moot, however, as all of Odysseus’ men will soon be dead.
- ↑ Odysseus’ encounter with the Lotos-Eaters marks a turning point, where he enters another world of folklore and legend, but instead of being trapped there, Odysseus is able to reverse his course and return home eventually (Heubeck & Hoekstra 1990, p. 18). Books nine through twelve have him wandering in this land.
Works Cited
- Heubeck, Alfred; Hoekstra, Arie (1990). A Commentary on Homer’s Odyssey. II, Books IX–XVI. Oxford: Claredon Press.
- Hexter, Ralph (1993). A Guide to the Odyssey. New York: Vintage.
- Homer (1990). The Odyssey. Translated by Fitzgerald, Robert. New York: Vintage.
