Epic Poetry/Glossary

Overview	Definition	Characteristics	Culture	Heroes	Epics	Glossary

The following vocabulary is important in the study of the epic. This is just a glossary that gives a general idea of the term; further research is always encouraged.

Aoidos

The aoidos was a singer or bard who composed and performed epic poems orally, often accompanying themselves on a musical instrument such as a lyre. The aoidos was primarily responsible for the composition and performance of epic poetry, and they were highly respected for their skill and creativity. The most famous example of an aoidos in Greek literature is Homer, who is credited with composing the Iliad and the Odyssey.

Apostrophe

Literally “turning away”, it’s the narrator’s interruption of the narration to directly address to a character or some abstract quality as if it was present. The rhapsode’s traditional invocation to the muse in epic poetry is an example of apostrophe. See “O My Rider.”

Arete

Arete is excellence or virtue, particularly moral excellence. In epic poetry, arete is often used to describe the heroic qualities of the central characters, such as their courage, wisdom, and honor. Arete is important in epic poetry because it reinforces the idea of the heroic ideal, which values excellence in all aspects of life. The heroic characters in epic poetry are not just skilled warriors, but also embody moral excellence and virtuous behavior. This concept is particularly important in the Odyssey, where Odysseus is portrayed as not only a skilled warrior but also a wise and honorable leader. Arete is also closely related to the concept of kleos, as the pursuit of excellence and moral virtue contributes to a hero’s legacy and reputation. The heroes in epic poetry seek not only glory in battle (aristeia) but also strive to live virtuous and honorable lives, which contributes to their lasting legacy and kleos.

Aristeia

Aristeia is a warrior’s moment of excellence or glory in battle. It is an important aspect of epic poetry because it highlights the heroic qualities of the central characters, particularly their courage, strength, and skill in battle. Aristeia often involves the warrior achieving extraordinary feats or performing exceptional acts of bravery, such as slaying numerous enemies or defending their comrades against overwhelming odds. Aristeia creates a sense of drama and excitement in battle scenes and keeps the audience engaged with the narrative. Additionally, aristeia serves to reinforce the themes of the epic poem, such as honor, loyalty, and courage, which are central to the heroic ideal.

Aristoi

Aristoi refers to the best or noblest members of society. In the context of epic poetry, aristoi are often portrayed as the most heroic and virtuous characters in the narrative, embodying the highest ideals (arete) of the heroic ideal. Therefore, aristoi serve as models for behavior and embody the values and virtues that the culture values most highly. They often represent the ideal of leadership, embodying the qualities of wisdom, courage, and integrity that are essential to leading others effectively. The concept of aristoi is closely related to arete, as aristoi often embody the highest form of moral excellence and virtue. They are also closely related to the concept of hubris, as their position of privilege and power can sometimes lead them to act with excessive pride or arrogance.

Dactylic hexameter

The meter of epic poetry has six dactyl (a long and two short syllables) feet. This provides the musical rhythm of the verse.

Epithet

Formulaic units used as mnemonic aids and a way to adhere to dactylic hexameter, epithets described characters or things using a characteristic quality, like the “wily Odysseus” or “Pallas Athena.” Homer often used compound adjectives as epithets, like “wine-dark sea” and “rosy-fingered dawn” called Homeric epithets.

Hubris

Hubris, excessive pride, arrogance, or overconfidence, is often the bane of heroic characters who believe themselves invincible and above the gods. This concept is closely tied to the idea of the tragic hero, as the hero’s hubris often leads to their downfall. Examples of hubris can be found throughout Greek epic poetry, such as when Achilles refuses to return Hector’s body to his family or when Odysseus taunts Polyphemus after escaping his cave.

Kleos

Kleos is individual glory or fame earned through heroic deeds. Kleos is closely tied to aristeia, as a warrior’s moment of excellence in battle contributes to their kleos. Kleos is an important motivator for many heroic characters in epic poetry, as they seek to earn a lasting legacy through their deeds.

Mēnis

Mēnis is a term that refers to the concept of divine anger or wrath. It is often used in the context of the gods’ reactions to the actions of mortals, particularly when those actions go against the will of the gods. Mēnis is a significant theme in the Iliad, where Achilles’ wrath serves as a driving force for the narrative. The concept of mēnis is significant in epic poetry because it highlights the tension between mortals and the gods, and the idea that the actions of mortals can have far-reaching consequences beyond their own lives. It also underscores the importance of proper behavior and the avoidance of actions that might anger the gods.

Nostos

Nostos refers to the theme of homecoming or return in literature, particularly in epic poetry. It is a central theme in many ancient Greek epics, including the Odyssey by Homer. The nostos theme is significant in epic poetry because it represents a universal human experience of longing for home and the desire to return to one's roots. It also reflects the importance of family, community, and one’s homeland in ancient Greek culture. For the Greeks, a successful nostos was not only a physical journey but also a spiritual and moral one, as the hero must demonstrate his worthiness and virtue in order to be reunited with his family and community.

Paideia

The ideal of education in the Greek state meant to instill values of the aristoi, both body and mind.

Polymêtis

Cunning intelligence, or “with many wiles”: with polytropos, another of Odysseus’ epithets. This is Odysseus the strategist.

Polytropos

“Versatile” or with “many twists and turns”: the chief epithet of Odysseus. As Hexter points out, Odysseus’ “creative cunning and manifold misfortunes” are represented by the many poly- adjectives Homer employs to describe him: “Flexibility, adaptability, and trickiness belong to the core of Odysseus’ being.”

Rhapsode

The rhapsode was a performer who recited or chanted epic poetry that had already been composed by an aoidos or other poet. The rhapsode was responsible for the interpretation and presentation of the epic poem, often performing it in front of an audience at festivals, competitions, or other public events. The rhapsode was considered an important interpreter and transmitter of epic poetry, and they were highly valued for their skill in performing and conveying the meaning of the poem. Homer’s depiction of Demodocus in the Odyssey is an rhapsode.

Timē

Timē is honor or esteem particularly in relation to social status and reputation. It was highly valued in ancient Greek society, as it was seen as an important indicator of one’s worth and standing. Timē was earned through various means, such as displaying physical prowess in battle (aristeia), demonstrating moral virtue (arete), or acquiring material wealth. It was also often inherited through one's family or lineage, as social status was highly stratified in ancient Greek society. In epic poetry, timē is an important theme, as it serves to reinforce the values of the heroic ideal. Heroes were expected to demonstrate their worthiness and earn timē through their actions, and losing one’s timē was a significant social disgrace. The concept of timē is central to the narrative of the Iliad, as the Greek hero Achilles’ decision to withdraw from battle is driven in part by his anger at having his timē threatened by Agamemnon. The concept of timē is significant in understanding ancient Greek culture and values, as it highlights the importance of social status and reputation in this society. It also reflects the idea that individual actions have consequences not just for the individual, but also for their family and community.

Xenia

The code of hospitality or “guest-friendship” exemplified by a pattern of behaviors and expectations between the host and the guest.

Works Cited

• Cuddon, J. A. (1976). A Dictionary of Literary Terms (Revised ed.). New York: Penguin.
• Frye, Northrup; Baker, Sheridan; Perkins, George; Perkins, Barbara M. (1997). The Harper Handbook to Literature (Second ed.). New York: Longman.
• Harmon, William; Holman, Hugh (2003). A Handbook to Literature (Ninth ed.). Upper Saddle Creek, NJ: Prentice Hall.
• Hexter, Ralph (1993). A Guide to the Odyssey. New York: Vintage.
• Kennedy, X. J.; Giola, Dana; Bauerlein, Mark (2013). Handbook of Literary Terms: Literature, Language, Theory. Boston: Pearson.