Writing Top Ten: Difference between revisions

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{{nutshell|The top ten most important aspects of writing in college. This is the first post in a series targeting writers of digital media.<ref>Originally written on December 31, 2013.</ref>}}
{{nutshell|The top ten most important aspects of writing in college. This is the first post in a series targeting writers of digital media.<ref>Originally written on December 31, 2013.</ref>}}


Long have I lamented the [[Writing Today|poor state of college writing]] and considered strategies to improve it. Like writing itself, my top-ten list is an on-going process of deliberation and revision. Consider this page the executive summary. Each point below will have a separate and detailed post as I get to it.
{{dc|L}}{{Big|ong have I lamented the [[Writing Today|poor state of college writing]] and considered strategies to improve it. Like writing itself, my top-ten list is an on-going process of deliberation and revision. Consider this page the executive summary. Each point below will have a separate and detailed post as I get to it.}}
[[File:Writing-ten.jpeg|thumb]]
While it may not be complete, I endeavor to give students the foundational concepts for ''solid college writing''. Consider the following, and let me know what I missed. I’ll call this a beta version for now. Here we go.


While it may not be complete, I endeavor to give students the foundational concepts for ''solid college writing''. Consider the following, and let me know what I missed. I’ll call this a beta version for now. Here we go. {{More}}
<div class="res-img">[[File:Writing-ten.jpeg]]</div>
{{Anchor|More}}{{TOC right}}
Let’s begin with the Golden Rule: '''All writing online should stand on its own.'''
Let’s begin with the Golden Rule: '''All writing online should stand on its own.'''


In other words, make each post understandable to anyone who might happen to stumble upon it. You might have various reasons for posting online, like an assignment for a class, a reaction to an event, or your thoughts about a the latest episode of ''Doctor Who'', but unless you contextualize each of these, they will make little sense to a general audience. Even if you’re writing to fulfill a class assignment, don’t write it like you might have when submitting it on paper to your professor — where each of you understand the context. Writing online is accessible to a much broader audience, so be sure you include them in your discussion.
In other words, make each post understandable to anyone who might happen to stumble upon it. Because writing for digital media is not linear, it is our responsibility to orient users to various spaces—to help them make sense of where they are.<ref>{{cite book |last=Carroll |first=Brian |date=2017 |title=Writing and Editing for Digital Media |url= |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |page=126 |isbn= |ref=harv }}</ref>


{{A note|NOTE}} While this list is presented like commandments, they are just suggestions and will not be true for every platform. In other words, many platforms, like Wikipedia, will have their own set of guidelines that might contradict those listed below. These are meant to be guidelines for digital writing and not rules to always be followed. Always be aware of the specific requirements for the medium on which you’re writing.
Additionally, you might have various reasons for posting online, like an assignment for a class, a reaction to an event, or your thoughts about a the latest episode of ''Doctor Who'', but unless you contextualize each of these, they will make little sense to a general audience. Even if you’re writing to fulfill a class assignment, don’t write it like you might have when submitting it on paper to your professor — where each of you understand the context. Writing online is accessible to a much broader audience, so be sure you include them in your discussion.
 
{{notice|While this list is presented like commandments,<ref>If you’re into commandments, see {{harvtxt|Carroll|2017|pp=22–23}}.</ref> they are just suggestions and will not be true for every platform. In other words, many platforms, like Wikipedia, will have their own set of guidelines that might contradict those listed below. These are meant to be guidelines for digital writing and not rules to always be followed. Always be aware of the specific requirements for the medium on which you’re writing.}}


== Be Focused ==
== Be Focused ==
Focus your writing’s content: always '''have a point''' and '''state a specific claim'''. In writing classes, we call this a ''thesis statement''. However, we needn’t be so formal; let’s call this our '''primary argument''' or the main point. All solid writing states a claim then supports it with evidence. Whatever you’re writing remains incomplete unless you can point to your assertion.
Focus your writing’s content: always '''have a point''' and '''state a specific claim'''. In writing classes, we call this a ''thesis statement''. However, we needn’t be so formal; let’s call this our '''primary argument''' or the main point. All solid writing states a claim then supports it with evidence. Whatever you’re writing remains incomplete unless you can point to your assertion.


When writing for the screen, write a headline that briefly abstracts your post, like the "nutshell" above. This way, users know exactly what your post is about and your position on it.
When writing for the screen, write a headline that briefly abstracts your post, like the “tl;dr” above. This way, users know exactly what your post is about and your position on it.


In the ''Yahoo! Style Guide'', Chris Barr suggests front-loading your most important content and keeping it short and simple.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barr |first=Chris |date=2010 |title=The Yahoo! Style Guide |url=https://amzn.to/2CANP7q |location=New York |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |pages=5–7 |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref> You only have a couple of seconds to get and keep your readers’ attention, so front-loading your point will have the greatest chance of encouraging readers to continue.
In the ''Yahoo! Style Guide'', Chris Barr suggests front-loading your most important content and keeping it short and simple.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barr |first=Chris |date={{date|2010}} |title=The Yahoo! Style Guide |url=https://amzn.to/2CANP7q |location=New York |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |pages=5–7 |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref> You only have a couple of seconds to get and keep your readers’ attention, so front-loading your point will have the greatest chance of encouraging readers to continue {{crossreference|(See [[#Be Organized|Be Organized]] below)}}.


Furthermore, Jakob Nielson shows that users do not even read on the screen—they '''scan'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nngroup.com/articles/how-users-read-on-the-web/ |title=How Users Read on the Web |last=Nielson |first=Jakob |date=October 1, 1997 |website=Nielson Norman Group |publisher= |access-date=2018-12-26 |quote=}}</ref> He suggests using keywords, meaningful headers and subheads, and keeping to one idea per paragraph.
Furthermore, Jakob Nielson shows that users do not even read on the screen—they '''scan'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nngroup.com/articles/how-users-read-on-the-web/ |title=How Users Read on the Web |last=Nielson |first=Jakob |date={{date|1997-10-01|MDY}} |website=Nielson Norman Group |publisher= |access-date={{date|2018-12-26|ISO}} |quote=}}</ref> He suggests using keywords, meaningful headers and subheads, and keeping to one idea per paragraph. Since users are impatient with online content, writers must respect their time by getting to the point and giving them meaningful visual cues to help them get the information they need.{{sfn|Carroll|2017|p=127}}


== Be Credible ==
== Be Credible ==
Use specific evidence to support your claims. The Greeks promoted ''ethos'' as a foundation for successful rhetoric. Think of credibility as '''supporting''' what you write with the '''best evidence'''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Carroll |first=Brian |date=2010 |title=Writing for Digital Media |url=https://amzn.to/2BJkohX |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=25–30 |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref> Why “believe” or “feel” or “opine” when you can “know”? Support ideas, suppositions, and claims with specific evidence. Remember [[Wikipedia:Hitchens's razor|Hitchens’ Razor]]:
The Stanford Guidelines for Web Credibility list several factors that affect the way users view web sites, including a professional appearance and URL, a clear distinction between site content and advertising, functioning components (like navigation, downloads, and graphics), and links to products and research.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://credibility.stanford.edu/guidelines/index.html |title=Stanford Guidelines for Web Credibility |author=<!--General--> |date=2004 |website=Stanford Web Credibility Research |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=2019-06-15 |quote= |ref=harv }}</ref>{{sfn|Carroll|2017|p=132}} For academic writing on the web — especially on established web platforms like Wikipedia — we will narrow the definition. To establish '''credibility''', always support your suppositions with evidence.
 
Use specific evidence to support your claims. The Greeks promoted ''ethos'' as a foundation for successful rhetoric: in other words, you gain a good reputation for being credible if you support your ides. Think of credibility as '''supporting''' what you write with the '''best evidence'''.{{sfn|Carroll|2017|p=133}} Why “believe” or “feel” or “opine” when you can “know”? Support ideas, suppositions, and claims with specific evidence. Remember [[Wikipedia:Hitchens's razor|Hitchens’ Razor]]:


{{cquote|That which can be asserted without evidence can be dismissed without evidence.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words/2003/10/mommie_dearest.html|title=Mommie Dearest|first=Christopher|last=Hitchens|work=Slate|date=October 20, 2003|accessdate=2016-04-24}}</ref>}}
{{cquote|That which can be asserted without evidence can be dismissed without evidence.|author=Christopher Hitchens<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words/2003/10/mommie_dearest.html|title=Mommie Dearest|first=Christopher|last=Hitchens|work=Slate|date=October 20, 2003|accessdate=2016-04-24}}</ref>}}


Unless you are an expert in your field, you should support any assertions you make not considered factual or common knowledge with ''specific'', ''verifiable evidence'' and ''concrete examples''. For example, the statement “Barack Obama was the first African-American president of the USA” does not need support. However, “Barack Obama has done more than any other US president to strengthen the second amendment” needs several reliable sources to back it up.
Unless you are an expert in your field, you should support any assertions you make not considered factual or common knowledge with ''specific'', ''verifiable evidence'' and ''concrete examples''. For example, the statement “Barack Obama was the first African-American president of the USA” does not need support. However, “Barack Obama has done more than any other US president to strengthen the second amendment” needs several reliable sources to back it up.
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== Be Organized ==
== Be Organized ==
Structure and develop writing in a logical way. The medium will suggest a structure, so use the expected parts, like titles, paragraphs, keywords, and (sub)headers — whatever is germane to the medium; e.g. many platforms will have their own style manuals, like Medium<ref>{{cite web |url=https://medium.freecodecamp.org/a-style-guide-for-writing-on-medium-fcbad27492ea |title=A Style Guide for Writing on Medium |last=Larson |first=Quincy |date=October 17, 2016 |website=FreeCodeCamp |publisher= |access-date=2018-12-26 |quote=}} Larson outlines some strategies for optimizing writing for Medium’s platform. Medium also has an official style sheet: {{cite web |url=https://medium.com/@Medium/medium-style-sheet-4ea454b6b224 |title=Medium Style Sheet |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=April 15, 2013 |website=Medium |publisher= |access-date=2018-12-26 |quote=}}</ref> and [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Wikipedia]]. These expected elements give writing a flow, mark development, and provide visual cues for readers. Organization that considers context increases usability.
Structure and develop writing in a logical way. The medium will suggest a structure, so use the expected parts, like titles, paragraphs, keywords, and (sub)headers — whatever is germane to the medium. These expected elements give writing a flow, mark development, and provide visual cues for readers. Organization that considers context increases usability.


When writing for the screen, consider the inverted pyramid approach. That is, lead with the most important material, and put less important information in subsequent paragraphs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2003/writing-from-the-top-down-pros-and-cons-of-the-inverted-pyramid/ |title=Writing from the Top Down: Pros and Cons of the Inverted Pyramid |last=Scanlan |first=Chip |date=June 20, 2003 |website=Poynter |publisher= |access-date=2018-12-26 |quote=}}</ref>
When writing for the screen, consider the [[w:Inverted pyramid (journalism)|inverted pyramid]] approach. That is, lead with the most important material, and put less important information in subsequent paragraphs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2003/writing-from-the-top-down-pros-and-cons-of-the-inverted-pyramid/ |title=Writing from the Top Down: Pros and Cons of the Inverted Pyramid |last=Scanlan |first=Chip |date=June 20, 2003 |website=Poynter |publisher= |access-date=2018-12-26 |quote=}}</ref>


== Be Correct ==
== Be Correct ==
If writing is an outfit, grammar provides the accessories. Misusing the objective case is like wearing blue socks with a black suit: it might not destroy the outfit, but it also won’t impress. Know when to use a comma. Know what a semicolon does before putting it in play. Check parallelism and tense. Do not confuse possessives with plurals. Choose an appropriate point of view and voice, and use them throughout your piece. If you begin writing in the first-person, stick with it. If you choose a formal voice at the beginning of your blog entry, use it until the end.
If writing is an outfit, grammar provides the accessories. Misusing the objective case is like wearing blue socks with a black suit: it might not destroy the outfit, but it also won’t impress. Know when to use a comma. Know what a semicolon does before putting it in play. Check parallelism and tense. Do not confuse possessives with plurals. Choose an appropriate point of view and voice, and use them throughout your piece. If you begin writing in the first-person, stick with it. If you choose a formal voice at the beginning of your blog entry, use it until the end.


Choose a style manual to use for all of your writing, or use the platform's if applicable.<ref>Most composition textbooks, like the one you used for ENGL 1101 have a style manual.</ref>
Choose a style manual to use for all of your writing, or use the platform's if applicable.<ref>Most composition textbooks, like the one you used for ENGL 1101 have a style manual.</ref> Many platforms will have their own style manuals, like Medium<ref>{{cite web |url=https://medium.freecodecamp.org/a-style-guide-for-writing-on-medium-fcbad27492ea |title=A Style Guide for Writing on Medium |last=Larson |first=Quincy |date=October 17, 2016 |website=FreeCodeCamp |publisher= |access-date=2018-12-26 |quote=}} Larson outlines some strategies for optimizing writing for Medium’s platform. Medium also has an official style sheet: {{cite web |url=https://medium.com/@Medium/medium-style-sheet-4ea454b6b224 |title=Medium Style Sheet |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=April 15, 2013 |website=Medium |publisher= |access-date=2018-12-26 |quote=}}</ref> and [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Wikipedia]]. Or, you could [[A Digital Style Sheet|use your own]].
 
Always choose the best medium for your message. Some ideas, like philosophical polemics, might be best reserved for essays, while quick comments on said essays might be best made as Tweets.
 
As a corollary, format the content for the medium. What works as a biography in print will likely need revision to conform to an ebook. When writing for the screen, use the best practices for the platform you’re using. For example, on Wikipedia, use [[Wikipedia:Good editing practices|recommended best practices]].


When writing your first draft, use a service like Hemingway App or Grammarly to help with style and more obscure grammar rules. That said, do not write like a computer. If you’re unsure, look it up.
When writing your first draft, use a service like Hemingway App or Grammarly to help with style and more obscure grammar rules. That said, do not write like a computer. If you’re unsure, look it up.
Line 57: Line 66:
Try unique approaches, turns-of-phrase, platforms. One of the more powerful aspects of writing for digital media is the flexibility it gives: use more than just text. Try an image that helps clarify your point. Use an embedded video that supports an argument. Use unique analogies — metaphors and similes — but avoid clichés. Ask yourself: how can I show this idea with an imaginative comparison or visual? As Applen argues, the most persuasive language is the visual.{{sfn|Applen|2013|p=188}} ''Show'' rather than tell.
Try unique approaches, turns-of-phrase, platforms. One of the more powerful aspects of writing for digital media is the flexibility it gives: use more than just text. Try an image that helps clarify your point. Use an embedded video that supports an argument. Use unique analogies — metaphors and similes — but avoid clichés. Ask yourself: how can I show this idea with an imaginative comparison or visual? As Applen argues, the most persuasive language is the visual.{{sfn|Applen|2013|p=188}} ''Show'' rather than tell.


== Be Presentable ==
== Be Positive ==
Always choose the best medium for your message. Some ideas, like philosophical polemics, might be best reserved for essays, while quick comments on said essays might be best made as Tweets.
Use positive language and tone to communicate. Avoid negative words when possible. Note, I wrote that last sentence using as few negative words as possible — rather than “Don’t use negative words,” I chose to emphasize what a writer ''should'' do, rather than what she shouldn’t. Positive language, suggests Joelle Resnik, is more persuasive as it allows for faster and clearer comprehension.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://multilingual.com/positive-language/ |title=The Power of Positive Language |last=Resnik |first=Joelle |date=October 16, 2017 |website=Multilingual |publisher= |access-date=2019-03-01 |quote=}}</ref>
 
Tone describes the ''attitude'' of the writing about the subject or circumstance. It, too, should also be positive by avoiding negative language, and choosing language that communicates positivity. Even when you’re frustrated, read your words carefully and choose more positive ways of expression, as your tone will affect a reader’s perception. Compare:
{{quote|I have no clue what I should do.


As a corollary, format the content for the medium. What works as a biography in print will likely need revision to conform to an ebook.
I found the task challenging.}}


When writing for the screen, use the best practices for the platform you’re using. For example, on Wikipedia, use [[Wikipedia:Good editing practices|recommended best practices]].
Notice a difference? Your readers will, too.


== Be Error-Free ==
== Be Error-Free ==
Proofread and revise: if you don’t want to read you own work, no one else will either. Pay particular attention to the above points as you edit. You might consult a document like the “[[Editor's Checklist]]” or a style manual appropriate to your medium and discipline to help with revision.
Proofread and revise: if you don’t want to read you own work, no one else will either. Pay particular attention to the above points as you edit. You might consult a document like the “[[Editor's Checklist]]” or a style manual appropriate to your medium and discipline to help with revision.


== Notes ==
{{Rlnk|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/GRLucas/comments/sjk8ip/writing_top_ten/}}
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
{{Notes}}
{{Students}}
[[Category:Composition]]
[[Category:Student Resources]]

Latest revision as of 11:38, 3 February 2022

Long have I lamented the poor state of college writing and considered strategies to improve it. Like writing itself, my top-ten list is an on-going process of deliberation and revision. Consider this page the executive summary. Each point below will have a separate and detailed post as I get to it.

While it may not be complete, I endeavor to give students the foundational concepts for solid college writing. Consider the following, and let me know what I missed. I’ll call this a beta version for now. Here we go.

Writing-ten.jpeg

Let’s begin with the Golden Rule: All writing online should stand on its own.

In other words, make each post understandable to anyone who might happen to stumble upon it. Because writing for digital media is not linear, it is our responsibility to orient users to various spaces—to help them make sense of where they are.[2]

Additionally, you might have various reasons for posting online, like an assignment for a class, a reaction to an event, or your thoughts about a the latest episode of Doctor Who, but unless you contextualize each of these, they will make little sense to a general audience. Even if you’re writing to fulfill a class assignment, don’t write it like you might have when submitting it on paper to your professor — where each of you understand the context. Writing online is accessible to a much broader audience, so be sure you include them in your discussion.

Be Focused

Focus your writing’s content: always have a point and state a specific claim. In writing classes, we call this a thesis statement. However, we needn’t be so formal; let’s call this our primary argument or the main point. All solid writing states a claim then supports it with evidence. Whatever you’re writing remains incomplete unless you can point to your assertion.

When writing for the screen, write a headline that briefly abstracts your post, like the “tl;dr” above. This way, users know exactly what your post is about and your position on it.

In the Yahoo! Style Guide, Chris Barr suggests front-loading your most important content and keeping it short and simple.[4] You only have a couple of seconds to get and keep your readers’ attention, so front-loading your point will have the greatest chance of encouraging readers to continue (See Be Organized below).

Furthermore, Jakob Nielson shows that users do not even read on the screen—they scan.[5] He suggests using keywords, meaningful headers and subheads, and keeping to one idea per paragraph. Since users are impatient with online content, writers must respect their time by getting to the point and giving them meaningful visual cues to help them get the information they need.[6]

Be Credible

The Stanford Guidelines for Web Credibility list several factors that affect the way users view web sites, including a professional appearance and URL, a clear distinction between site content and advertising, functioning components (like navigation, downloads, and graphics), and links to products and research.[7][8] For academic writing on the web — especially on established web platforms like Wikipedia — we will narrow the definition. To establish credibility, always support your suppositions with evidence.

Use specific evidence to support your claims. The Greeks promoted ethos as a foundation for successful rhetoric: in other words, you gain a good reputation for being credible if you support your ides. Think of credibility as supporting what you write with the best evidence.[9] Why “believe” or “feel” or “opine” when you can “know”? Support ideas, suppositions, and claims with specific evidence. Remember Hitchens’ Razor:

Unless you are an expert in your field, you should support any assertions you make not considered factual or common knowledge with specific, verifiable evidence and concrete examples. For example, the statement “Barack Obama was the first African-American president of the USA” does not need support. However, “Barack Obama has done more than any other US president to strengthen the second amendment” needs several reliable sources to back it up.

In other words: do your homework. Cite reliable sources in a clear, consistent manner.

Be Active

Default to the active voice: use verbs as verbs, nouns as nouns. Describing uses more words than doing. Be like Mike and his Nikes: Just Do It. Be aware of the parts of speech and how each word will optimally function in a sentence. Avoid “zombie nouns,”[11] jargon, and academicese[12] when possible.

Be Precise

Use the best words, phrases, and punctuation for the task and get to the point. Be clear, concise, and direct. Succinct language that avoids long blocks of text provides incentive for readers. Short sentences are powerful. Direct language presents ideas clearly, rather than hiding them behind circuitous language. Provide concrete illustrations of abstract ideas. Use analogies — similes and metaphors — carefully.

Be Aware

Consider what the ancient Greeks called kairos — the correct time and place — sometimes called the rhetorical situation.[13] Context involves knowing what readers will expect from your approach to the topic and the medium you use to convey it — what, according to J.D. Applen, gets people listening and acting.[14] This involves knowing your audience (or users) and choosing elements of composition that will appeal to them.

When writing for the screen, compose for a general audience. That is, be sure your users have all the information they need to make sense of your post. Remember: All posts should stand on their own. This might be as easy as a link to another web site or providing a proper citation.

Linking to a reference? Then briefly mention why. Instead of writing “This web site is interesting” (which says nothing — nor does it give the reader any indication of what the web site is), try “In ‘Writing Top Ten,’ Gerald Lucas breaks down the ten most important aspects of writing.” Be concrete, precise, and specific.

Be Organized

Structure and develop writing in a logical way. The medium will suggest a structure, so use the expected parts, like titles, paragraphs, keywords, and (sub)headers — whatever is germane to the medium. These expected elements give writing a flow, mark development, and provide visual cues for readers. Organization that considers context increases usability.

When writing for the screen, consider the inverted pyramid approach. That is, lead with the most important material, and put less important information in subsequent paragraphs.[15]

Be Correct

If writing is an outfit, grammar provides the accessories. Misusing the objective case is like wearing blue socks with a black suit: it might not destroy the outfit, but it also won’t impress. Know when to use a comma. Know what a semicolon does before putting it in play. Check parallelism and tense. Do not confuse possessives with plurals. Choose an appropriate point of view and voice, and use them throughout your piece. If you begin writing in the first-person, stick with it. If you choose a formal voice at the beginning of your blog entry, use it until the end.

Choose a style manual to use for all of your writing, or use the platform's if applicable.[16] Many platforms will have their own style manuals, like Medium[17] and Wikipedia. Or, you could use your own.

Always choose the best medium for your message. Some ideas, like philosophical polemics, might be best reserved for essays, while quick comments on said essays might be best made as Tweets.

As a corollary, format the content for the medium. What works as a biography in print will likely need revision to conform to an ebook. When writing for the screen, use the best practices for the platform you’re using. For example, on Wikipedia, use recommended best practices.

When writing your first draft, use a service like Hemingway App or Grammarly to help with style and more obscure grammar rules. That said, do not write like a computer. If you’re unsure, look it up.

Be Creative

Try unique approaches, turns-of-phrase, platforms. One of the more powerful aspects of writing for digital media is the flexibility it gives: use more than just text. Try an image that helps clarify your point. Use an embedded video that supports an argument. Use unique analogies — metaphors and similes — but avoid clichés. Ask yourself: how can I show this idea with an imaginative comparison or visual? As Applen argues, the most persuasive language is the visual.[18] Show rather than tell.

Be Positive

Use positive language and tone to communicate. Avoid negative words when possible. Note, I wrote that last sentence using as few negative words as possible — rather than “Don’t use negative words,” I chose to emphasize what a writer should do, rather than what she shouldn’t. Positive language, suggests Joelle Resnik, is more persuasive as it allows for faster and clearer comprehension.[19]

Tone describes the attitude of the writing about the subject or circumstance. It, too, should also be positive by avoiding negative language, and choosing language that communicates positivity. Even when you’re frustrated, read your words carefully and choose more positive ways of expression, as your tone will affect a reader’s perception. Compare:

I have no clue what I should do.

I found the task challenging.

Notice a difference? Your readers will, too.

Be Error-Free

Proofread and revise: if you don’t want to read you own work, no one else will either. Pay particular attention to the above points as you edit. You might consult a document like the “Editor's Checklist” or a style manual appropriate to your medium and discipline to help with revision.

Comment icon.png



notes

  1. Originally written on December 31, 2013.
  2. Carroll, Brian (2017). Writing and Editing for Digital Media. New York: Routledge. p. 126.
  3. If you’re into commandments, see Carroll (2017, pp. 22–23).
  4. Barr, Chris (2010). The Yahoo! Style Guide. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 5–7.
  5. Nielson, Jakob (October 1, 1997). "How Users Read on the Web". Nielson Norman Group. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
  6. Carroll 2017, p. 127.
  7. "Stanford Guidelines for Web Credibility". Stanford Web Credibility Research. Stanford University. 2004. Retrieved 2019-06-15.
  8. Carroll 2017, p. 132.
  9. Carroll 2017, p. 133.
  10. Hitchens, Christopher (October 20, 2003). "Mommie Dearest". Slate. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
  11. Sword, Helen (July 23, 2012). "Zombie Nouns". New York Times. Opinionator. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
  12. Geary, Joanna (January 10, 2008). "Academic-ese". Joanna Geary. Retrieved 2018-12-25.
  13. Nordquist, Richard (January 18, 2018). "Kairos Definition and Examples". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
  14. Applen, J. D. (2013). Writing for the Web: Composing, Coding, and Constructing Web Sites. New York: Routledge. p. 188.
  15. Scanlan, Chip (June 20, 2003). "Writing from the Top Down: Pros and Cons of the Inverted Pyramid". Poynter. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
  16. Most composition textbooks, like the one you used for ENGL 1101 have a style manual.
  17. Larson, Quincy (October 17, 2016). "A Style Guide for Writing on Medium". FreeCodeCamp. Retrieved 2018-12-26. Larson outlines some strategies for optimizing writing for Medium’s platform. Medium also has an official style sheet: "Medium Style Sheet". Medium. April 15, 2013. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
  18. Applen 2013, p. 188.
  19. Resnik, Joelle (October 16, 2017). "The Power of Positive Language". Multilingual. Retrieved 2019-03-01.